Sindrom dOwN

Sindrom Down atau trisomy 21 merupakan kecacatan genetik disebabkan oleh kehadiran sebahagian atau kesemua kromosom 21. Ianya dinamakan sempena John Langdon Down, doktor British yang pertama kali menggambarkannya pada tahun 1866. Keadaan ini bercirikan oleh gabungan perbezaan besar dan kecil pada struktur badan. Sering kali Sindrom Down dikaitkan dengan kelemahan keupayaan berfikir (kognitif) dan tumbesaran kanak-kanak dan juga perwatakan muka. Sindrom Down biasanya dikenal pasti semasa kelahiran.
Mereka yang mempunyai Sindrom Down berkemungkinan mempunyai keupayaan kognirif lebih rendah berbanding purata, sering kali antara sedikit kepada serdahana terencat akal. Kelemahan perkembangan seringkali ditonjolkan sebagai kecenderungan terhadap pemikiran konkrit atau naïveté. Sejumlah kecil berhadapan dengan kecacatan akal yang jelas atau teruk. Kebangkalian Sindrom Down dianggarkan sekitar 1 setiap 800 atau hingga 1 setiap 1,000 kelahiran.
Banyak ciri-ciri fizikal biasa bagi sindrom Down turut terdapat pada mereka yang mempunyai set kromosom piwaian. Ia termasuk satu garis bukannya dua pada telapak tangan, mata berbentuk badam disebabkan lipatan epikanthik pada kelopak mata, anggota lebih pendek, otot lemah, dan lidah terjulur. Masaalah kesihatan berkait dengan pengidap Down termasuk risiko tinggi bagi kecacatan jantung kongenital, penyakit gastroesophageal reflux, jangkitan telinga (otitis) berulang, apnea tidur obstructive sleep apnea, dan kegagalan thyroid.
Campurtangan zaman kanak-kanak awal, penyaringan bagi masaalah biasa, rawatan perubatan apabila diperlukan, persekitaran keluarga yang membantu, dan latihan vokational mampu meningkatkan pembangunan keseluruhan kanak-kanak dengan sindrom Down. Sungguhpun sesetengah masalah genetik fizikal sindrom Down tidak dapat diatasi, pendidikan dan jagaan yang betul mampu meningkatkan kualiti kehidupan.[2]

CiRi-CiRi

Mereka yang mempunyai sindrom Down mungkin mempunyai sebahagian atau keseluruhan ciri-ciri fizikal berikut: bukaan mata bujur dengan lipatan kulit epikanthik pada sudut dalam mata, hipotonia otot (poor muscle tone), batang hidung leper, satu garis di tapak tangan (juga dikenali sebagai garis simian), lidah terjulur (disebabkan rongga mulut kecil, dan lidah membengkak berhampiran tonsil), leher pendek, tompok putih pada iris dikenali sebagai tompok Brushfield,[3] lentur melampau pada sendi, kecacatan jantung kongenital, jarak melampau antara ibu jari kaki dengan jari berikutnya, a single flexion furrow of the fifth finger, and a higher number of ulnar loop dermatoglyphs. Kebanyakan individu dengan sindrom Down mempunyai kecacatan akal sekitar rendah (IQ 50–70) kepada serdahana (IQ 35–50),[4] with scores of children having Mosaic Down syndrome (explained below) typically 10–30 points higher.[5] Tambahan lagi, mereka dengan sindrom Down berkemungkinan mempunyai kecacatan teruk yang memberi kesan pada mana-mana sistem badan.

ps3

The PlayStation 3 (officially marketed PLAYSTATION 3,[5] commonly abbreviated PS3) is the third home video game console produced by Sony Computer Entertainment, and the successor to the PlayStation 2 as part of the PlayStation series. The PlayStation 3 competes with Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Nintendo's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles.
A major feature that distinguishes the PlayStation 3 from its predecessors is its unified online gaming service, the PlayStation Network,[6] which contrasts with Sony's former policy of relying on game developers for online play.[7] Other major features of the console include its robust multimedia capabilities,[8] connectivity with the PlayStation Portable,[9] and its use of a high-definition optical disc format, Blu-ray Disc, as its primary storage medium.[10] The PS3 was also the first Blu-ray 2.0-compliant Blu-ray player on the market.[11]
The PlayStation 3 was first released on November 11, 2006 in Japan,[12] November 17, 2006 in North America,[13] and March 23, 2007 in Europe and Oceania.[14][15] Two SKUs were available at launch: a basic model with a 20 GB hard drive (HDD), and a premium model with a 60 GB hard drive and several additional features[16] (the 20 GB model was not released in Europe or Oceania).[17] Since then, several revisions have been made to the console's available models.[18]









HiStOrY

Sony officially unveiled the PlayStation 3 to the public on May 16, 2005, during the E3 2005 conference.[19] A functional version of the system was not present there,[20] nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005,[21] although demonstrations (such as Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots[20]) were held at both events on devkits and comparable PC hardware.[20][21] Video footage based on the predicted PlayStation 3 specifications was also shown (notably a Final Fantasy VII tech demo).[22]
The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports, three Ethernet ports and six USB ports;[23] however, when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006, these were reduced to one HDMI port, one ethernet port and four USB ports, presumably to cut costs.[16][24] Two hardware configurations were also announced for the console: a 20 GB model and a 60 GB model, priced at $499 (€499) and $599 (€599), respectively.[16] The 60 GB model would be the only configuration to feature an HDMI port, Wi-Fi internet, flash card readers and a chrome trim with the logo in silver.[16] Both models were announced for a simultaneous worldwide release: November 11 for Japan, and November 17 for North America and Europe.[25]
On September 6, 2006, Sony announced that the PAL region (Europe and Oceania) PlayStation 3 launch would be delayed until March 2007, due to a shortage of materials used in the Blu-ray Disc drive.[26]
At the Tokyo Game Show on September 22, 2006, Sony announced that it would include an HDMI port on the 20 GB system, but a chrome trim, flash card readers, silver logo, and Wi-Fi would not be included.[27] Also, the launch price of the Japanese 20 GB model was reduced by over 20%,[28] and the 60 GB model was announced for an open pricing scheme in Japan.[28] During the event, Sony showed 27 playable PS3 games running on final hardware.[29]



LaUnCh

The PlayStation 3 was first released in Japan on November 11, 2006 at 07:00.[12] According to Media Create, 81,639 PS3 systems were sold within 24 hours of its introduction in Japan.[30]
Soon after its release in Japan, the PS3 was released in North America on November 17, 2006.[13] Reports of violence surrounding the release of the PS3 include a customer shot,[31] campers robbed at gunpoint,[32] customers shot in a drive-by shooting with BB guns,[33] and 60 campers fighting over 10 systems.[34]
On January 24, 2007, Sony announced that the PlayStation 3 would go on sale on March 23, 2007 in Europe, Australia, the Middle East, Africa and New Zealand.[14][15] The system sold about 600,000 units in its first two days.[35] On March 7, 2007, the 60 GB PlayStation 3 launched in Singapore with a price of S$799.[36] The console was launched in South Korea on June 16, 2007 in a single version equipped with an 80 GB hard drive and IPTV.[37]





HARDWARE

The PlayStation 3 is convex on its left side, with the PlayStation logo upright, when vertical (the top side is convex when horizontal), and has a glossy black finish.[87] Playstation designer Teiyu Goto stated that the Spider-Man font-inspired logo "was one of the first elements [SCEI president Ken Kutaragi] decided on and the logo may have been the motivating force behind the shape of PS3".[88]
The PlayStation 3 features a slot-loading 2x speed Blu-ray Disc drive for games, Blu-ray movies, DVDs, CDs, and other optical media.[89] It was originally available with hard drives of 20 and 60 GB (only the 60 GB model was available in PAL regions).[17][90] An 80 GB model has since been introduced in NTSC regions,[91] and a 40 GB model has been introduced in all regions.[92][93] All PS3 models have user-upgradeable 2.5" SATA hard drives.[94]
The PlayStation 3 uses the Sony, Toshiba, IBM-designed Cell microprocessor as its CPU, which is made up of one 3.2 GHz PowerPC-based "Power Processing Element" (PPE) and eight Synergistic Processing Elements (SPEs).[95] The eighth SPE is disabled to improve chip yields.[96][97] Only six of the seven SPEs are accessible to developers as the seventh SPE is reserved by the console's operating system.[97] Graphics processing is handled by the NVIDIA RSX 'Reality Synthesizer', which can output resolutions from 480i/576i SD up to 1080p HD.[89] The PlayStation 3 has 256 MB of XDR main memory and 256 MB of GDDR3 video memory for the RSX.[98]
The system has Bluetooth 2.0, gigabit Ethernet, USB 2.0 and HDMI 1.3a built in on all currently shipping models.[89] Wi-Fi networking is also built-in on the 40, 60 and 80 GB models while a flash card reader (compatible with Memory Stick, SD/MMC, and CompactFlash/Microdrive media) is built-in on 60 GB and CECHExx 80 GB models.[89][98] The system supports up to 7 controllers that are connected via Bluetooth 2.0 technology.[99]
The PS3's hardware has also been used to build supercomputers for high-performance computing.[100] Terra Soft Solutions has a version of Yellow Dog Linux for the PlayStation 3,[101] and sells PS3s with Linux pre-installed,[102] in single units, and 6 and 32 node clusters.[103] In addition, RapidMind is pushing their stream programming package for the PS3.[104] Also, on January 3, 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, Associate Professor of Computer Science at NCSU, clustered 8 PS3s. Mueller commented that the 256 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application, and is considering attempting to retrofit more RAM. Software includes: Fedora Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, OpenMP v 2.5, GNU Compiler Collection and CellSDK 1.1.[105][106][107]
On March 22, 2007, SCE and Stanford University released the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding@home project for the PlayStation 3.[108] This program allows PS3 owners to lend the computing power of their consoles to help study the physical process of protein folding.



ACCESORIES

Numerous accessories for the console have been developed including the wireless Sixaxis and DualShock 3 controllers, the BD Remote, the PlayStation Eye camera and the PlayTV DVB-T tuner/digital video recorder accessory.[109][110]
At its press conference at the 2007 Tokyo Game Show, Sony announced the DualShock 3 (trademarked DUALSHOCK 3), a PlayStation 3 controller with the same function and design as the Sixaxis, but with vibration capability included.[111] Hands-on accounts describe the controller as being noticeably heavier than the standard Sixaxis controller, and capable of vibration forces comparable to the DualShock 2.[112] It was released in Japan on November 11, 2007,[113] in North America on April 15, 2008,[114] in Australia on April 24, 2008, in New Zealand on May 9, 2008, in Europe on July 2, 2008,[115] and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on July 4, 2008. During E3 2009, Sony unveiled plans to release a motion controller in 2010.









sOfTwArE



Operating system
Main article: PlayStation 3 system software
Sony has included the ability for the operating system, referred to as System Software, to be updated.[116] The updates can be acquired in several ways:
If the PlayStation 3 has an active Internet connection, updates may be downloaded directly from the PlayStation Network to the PS3 and subsequently installed. Systems with active Internet will automatically check online for software updates each time the console is started.
Using an external PC, a user may download the update from the official Playstation website, transfer it to portable storage media, and install it on the System.
Some game discs come with system software updates on the disc. This may be due to the game requiring the update in order to run. If so, the software may be installed from the disc..









Photo Gallery
Photo Gallery is an optional application, which is installed separately from the system software at 105MB. It was introduced in system software version 2.60 and provides a range of tools for sorting through and displaying the system's pictures. The key feature of this application is that it can organize photos into groups according to various criteria. Notable categorizations are colors, ages, or facial expressions of the people in the photos. Slideshows can be viewed with the application, along with music and playlists.

Graphical user interface
Main article: XrossMediaBar — PlayStation 3 XMB
See also: Linux for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 3 System Software — Compatible media formats
The PlayStation 3 version of the XrossMediaBar (pronounced Cross Media Bar, or abbreviated XMB) includes nine categories of options. These are: Users, Settings, Photo, Music, Video, Game, Network, PlayStation Network, and Friends (similar to the PlayStation Portable media bar). The PS3 includes the ability to store various master and secondary user profiles, manage and explore photos with or without a musical slide show, play music and copy audio CD tracks to an attached storage device, play movies and video files from the hard disk drive, an optional USB mass storage or Flash card, or an optical disc (Blu-ray Disc or DVD-Video), compatibility for a USB keyboard and mouse, and the web browser supporting in/compatible file download function.[119] Additionally, UPnP media will appear in the respective audio/video/photo categories if a compatible media server is detected on the local network. The Friends menu allows mail with emoticon and attached picture features and video chat which requires an optional PlayStation Eye or EyeToy webcam.[120] The Network menu allows online shopping through the PlayStation Store and connectivity to the PlayStation Portable via Remote Play.[120]









gAmEs



The PlayStation 3 launched in North America with 14 titles, with another three being released before the end of 2006.[148] After the first week of sales it was confirmed that Resistance: Fall of Man from Insomniac Games was the top-selling launch game in North America.[149][150] The game was heavily praised by numerous video game websites, including GameSpot and IGN, both of whom awarded it their PlayStation 3 Game of the Year award for 2006.[151][152] Some titles missed the launch window and were delayed until early 2007, such as The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, F.E.A.R. and Sonic the Hedgehog. During the Japanese launch, Ridge Racer 7 was the top-selling game, while Mobile Suit Gundam: Crossfire also fared well in sales,[153] both of which were offerings from Namco Bandai. The PlayStation 3 launched in Europe with 24 titles, including ones that were not offered in the North American and Japanese launches, such as Formula One Championship Edition, MotorStorm and Virtua Fighter 5. Resistance: Fall of Man and MotorStorm were the most successful titles of 2007,[154][155] and both games subsequently received sequels in the form of Resistance 2 and MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.[156][157]
At E3 2007, Sony was able to show a number of their upcoming video games for the PlayStation 3, including Heavenly Sword, Lair, Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Warhawk and Uncharted: Drake's Fortune; all of which were released in the third and fourth quarters of 2007. They also showed off a number of titles that were set for release in 2008 and 2009; most notably Killzone 2, Infamous, Gran Turismo 5 Prologue, LittleBigPlanet and SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Confrontation.[158] A number of third-party exclusives were also shown, including the highly-anticipated Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots,[159] alongside other high-profile third-party titles such as Grand Theft Auto 4, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, Assassin's Creed, Devil May Cry 4 and Resident Evil 5. Two other important titles for the PlayStation 3, Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy Versus XIII, were shown at TGS 2007 in order to appease the Japanese market.[160][161]
Sony have since launched their budget range of PlayStation 3 titles, known as the Greatest Hits range in North America,[162] the Platinum range in Europe[163] and The Best range in Japan.[164] Among the titles available in the budget range include Resistance: Fall of Man, MotorStorm, Uncharted: Drakes Fortune, Rainbow Six: Vegas, Call Of Duty 3, Assassin's Creed and Ninja Gaiden Sigma. As of July 2009 Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Devil May Cry 4, Army of Two, Battlefield: Bad Company have also joined the list. When they are put on the "Greatest Hits" list the new unused copies retail for $30 USD and are re-shipped in a new red case.
As of March 31, 2009, there have been 174.9 million games sold for the PlayStation 3.[165]

Stereoscopic 3D
In December 2008 the CTO of Blitz Games announced that they would bring stereoscopic 3D gaming and movie viewing to the Xbox 360 and Playstation 3 with their own technology.[166] According to Blitz Games, SCE confirmed that they intend to support stereoscopic 3D games and Blu-ray movies and that the functionality will be introduced to the PlayStation 3 via a firmware update in 2009.[167] This technology was first demonstrated publicly on the PS3 in January 2009 at the Consumer Electronics Show. Journalists were shown Wipeout HD and Gran Turismo 5 Prologue in 3D as a demonstration of how the technology might work if it is implemented in the future.[168]

Full name

Futbol Club Barcelona
Nickname(s)
Barça (team)La Blaugrana (team)Culers or Culés (supporters)Blaugranes (supporters)
Founded
November 29, 1899(as Foot-Ball Club Barcelona)
Ground

Camp Nou, Barcelona(Capacity: 98,772)
President
Joan Laporta
Manager
Josep Guardiola
League
La Liga
2007-08
La Liga, 3rd







Home colours








Away colours








Third colours

Early years (1899–1908)
On 22 October, 1899, Joan Gamper placed an advert in Los Deportes declaring his wish to form a football club. A positive response resulted in a meeting at the Gimnasio Solé on November 29. Eleven players attended, Walter Wild, Lluís d'Ossó, Bartomeu Terradas, Otto Kunzle, Otto Maier, Enric Ducal, Pere Cabot, Carles Pujol, Josep Llobet, John Parsons and William Parsons. As a result Foot-Ball Club Barcelona was born. Several other Spanish football clubs, most notably Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao, also had British founders, and as a result they initially adopted English-style names.
Legend says that Gamper was inspired to choose the club colours, blaugrana, by FC Basel's crest. However, the other Swiss teams Gamper played for, his home canton of Zürich, and Merchant Taylors' School in Crosby, England have all been credited with or claimed to be the inspiration. FC Barcelona quickly emerged as one of the leading clubs in Spain, competing in the Campeonato de Cataluña and the Copa del Rey. In 1902, the club won its first trophy, the Copa Macaya, and also played in the first Copa del Rey final, losing 2–1 to Bizcaya.

[edit] With Gamper's seal (1908–1923)

FC Barcelona 1903 year
In 1908, Joan Gamper became club president for the first time. Gamper took over the presidency as the club was on the verge of folding. The club had not won anything since the Campeonato de Cataluña of 1905 and its finances suffered as a result. Gamper was subsequently club president on five separate occasions between 1908 and 1925 and spent 25 years at the helm. One of his main achievements was to help Barça acquire its own stadium.
On March 14, 1909, the team moved into the Carrer Indústria, a stadium with a capacity of 8,000. Gamper also launched a campaign to recruit more club members and by 1922, the club had over 10,000. This led to the club moving again, this time to Las Cortes, which inaugurated in the same year. This stadium had an initial capacity of 22,000, later expanded to an impressive 60,000.
Gamper also recruited Jack Greenwell as manager. This saw the club's fortunes begin to improve on the field. During the Gamper era FC Barcelona won eleven Campeonato de Cataluña, six Copa del Rey and four Coupe de Pyrenées and enjoyed its first "golden age."

[edit] Rivera, Republic, Civil War (1923–1939)
On 14 June, 1925, the crowd at a game in homage to the Orfeó Català jeered the Royal March, a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship. As a reprisal, the ground closed, while Gamper forced to give up the presidency of the club. In 1928, the victory in Spanish Cup was celebrated with a poem titled “Oda a Platko”, which was written by the important member of the Generation of '27 Rafael Alberti, inspired by the heroic performance of the Barça keeper. On July 30, 1930, the club's founder, after a period of depression brought on by personal and money problems committed suicide.
Although they continued to have players of the standing of Campionat de Catalunya in 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1936 and 1938, success at Spanish level (with the exception of the 1937 disputed title) evaded them.
A month after the civil war began, Barça's left-wing president Josep Sunyol was murdered by Francisco Franco's soldiers near to Guadarrama. In the summer of 1937, the squad was on a tour in Mexico and the United States, in which it was received as an ambassador of the fighting Second Spanish Republic. That travel led to the financial saving of the club and also resulted in half the team seeking exile in Mexico and France. On 16 March, 1938, the fascists dropped a bomb on the club's offices and caused significant destruction. A few months later, Barcelona was under fascist occupation and as a symbol of the 'undisciplined' Catalanism, the club, now down to just 3,486 members, was facing a number of serious problems.

[edit] Club de Fútbol Barcelona (1939–1974)
After the Spanish Civil War, the Catalan language and flag were banned and football clubs were prohibited from using non-Spanish names. These measures led to the club having its name forcibly changed to Club de Fútbol Barcelona and the removal of the Catalan flag from the club shield. During the Franco dictatorship one of the few places that Catalan could be spoken freely was within the club's stadium.
In 1943, at Les Corts, Barça faced Real Madrid in the first leg of the semi-finals of Copa del Generalísimo. The match ended in a 3–0 win for Barça. Before the second leg, Barcelona's players had a changing room visit from Franco's director of state security. He 'reminded' them that they were only playing due to the 'generosity of the regime'. Real Madrid won 11–1.[4]
Despite the difficult political situation, CF Barcelona enjoyed considerable success during the 1940s and 1950s. In 1945, with Josep Samitier as coach and players like César, Ramallets and Velasco, they won La Liga for the first time since 1929. They added two more titles in 1948 and 1949. In 1949 they also won the first Copa Latina.
In June 1950, Barcelona signed László Kubala. Kubala almost signed for Real Madrid but the decisive moment to change his mind was when he had married the daughter of Ferdinand Dauchik, who was in contact with Josep Samitiers, then a scout for Barcelona. Obviously because of this relationship, Kubala chose finally to play for Barcelona.[citation needed]
On a rainy Sunday of 1951, the crowd left Les Corts stadium after a 2–1 win against Santander by foot, refusing to catch any trams and surprising the Francoist authorities. The reason was simple: at the same time, a tram strike took place in Barcelona, receiving the support of blaugrana fans. Events like this have made FC Barcelona represent much more than just Catalonia and many progressive Spaniards see the club as a staunch defender of rights and freedoms.[5]
Coach Fernando Daucik and László Kubala and Nicolae Simatoc, regarded by many as the club's best ever player, inspired the team to five different trophies including La Liga, the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa Latina, the Copa Eva Duarte and the Copa Martini Rossi in 1952. In 1953, they helped the club win La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo again. The club also won the Copa del Generalísimo in 1957 and the Fairs Cup in 1958.
With Helenio Herrera as coach, a young Luis Suárez, the European Footballer of the Year in 1960, and two influential Hungarians recommended by Kubala, Sándor Kocsis and Zoltán Czibor, the team won another national double in 1959 and a La Liga/Fairs Cup double in 1960. In 1961, they became the first club to beat Real Madrid in a European Cup eliminatory, thus ending their monopoly of the competition. To little avail, anyway, they lost 3–2 to Benfica in the final.
The 1960s were less successful for the club, with Real Madrid monopolising La Liga. The completion of the Camp Nou, finished in 1957, meant the club had little money to spend on new players. However, the decade also saw the emergence of Josep Fusté and Carles Rexach and the club winning the Copa del Generalísimo in 1963 and the Fairs Cup in 1966. Barça restored some pride by beating Real Madrid 1–0 in the 1968 Copa del Generalísimo final at the Bernabéu in front of Franco, having as coach Salvador Artigas, a republican pilot in the civil war. This match will always be mentioned for what was thrown and not for what was happening on the field. The club changed its official name back to Futbol Club Barcelona in 1974.[6]

[edit] Cruyff's first pass (1974–1978)
The 1973/74 season saw the arrival, as player, of a new Barça legend, Johan Cruyff. Already an established player with Ajax, Cruyff quickly won over the Barça fans when he told the European press he chose Barça over Real Madrid because he could not play for a club associated with Francisco Franco.[7][8] He further endeared himself when he chose a Catalan name, Jordi, for his son. Next to players of quality like Juan Manuel Asensi, Carles Rexach and the talented Hugo Sotil, he helped the club win the 1973–74 season for the first time since 1960, along the way defeating Real Madrid 5–0 at the Bernabéu. He was also crowned European Footballer of the Year in his first year at the club.

[edit] The stabilization years (1978–1988)
Josep Lluís Núñez was elected president of FC Barcelona in 1978. His main objectives were to establish Barça as a world-class sports club and to give the club financial stability. Besides, in 1979 and 1982, the club won two of four European Cup Winners' Cups won in the Núñez era.
In June 1982, Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee from Boca Juniors. In the following season, under coach César Luis Menotti, Barcelona and Maradona in an unforgettable final won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid. However, Diego's time with Barça was short-lived and he soon left for Napoli. At the start of the La Liga 1984/85 season, Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with stellar displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster. The next season, he took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua Bucureşti during a dramatic evening in Seville.
After the 1986 World Cup, English top scorer Gary Lineker was signed along with goalkeeper Andoni Zubizarreta, but the team could not achieve success while Schuster was excluded from the team. Terry Venables was subsequently fired at the beginning of the 1987/88 season and replaced with Luis Aragonés. That season finished with a rebellion of the players against president Núñez, known as the Motín del Hesperia and the 1–0 victory at the Copa del Rey final against Real Sociedad.

[edit] From Dream Team to Centenari (1988–2000)
In 1988, Johan Cruyff returned to the club as manager and assembled the so-called Dream Team. He introduced players like Josep Guardiola, José Mari Bakero, Txiki Beguiristáin, Jon Andoni Goikoetxea, Gheorghe Hagi, Ronald Koeman, Michael Laudrup, Romário and Hristo Stoichkov.
Under Cruyff's guidance, Barcelona won four consecutive La Liga titles from 1991 to 1994. They beat Sampdoria in both the 1989 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final and the 1992 European Cup final at Wembley with a legendary free kick goal from Dutch international Ronald Koeman. They also won a Copa del Rey in 1990, the European Super Cup in 1992 and three Supercopa de España. With 11 trophies, Cruyff became the club's most successful manager to date. He also became the club's longest serving manager. However, in his final two seasons, he failed to win any trophies (not to mention the disastrous 4–0 defeat in the UEFA Champions League 1994 final against Milan) and fell out with president Núñez, resulting in Cruyff's departure.
Cruyff was briefly replaced by Bobby Robson, who took charge of the club for a single season in 1996/97. He recruited Ronaldo from his previous club, PSV and delivered a cup treble winning the Copa del Rey, UEFA Cup Winners Cup and the Supercopa de España. Despite his success, Robson was only ever seen as a short-term solution, while the club waited for Louis van Gaal to become available.
Like Maradona, Ronaldo only stayed a short time as he left for Internazionale. However, new heroes such as Luís Figo, Patrick Kluivert, Luis Enrique Martínez and Rivaldo emerged and the team won a Copa del Rey and La Liga double in 1998. In 1999, the club celebrated its 'centenari', winning the Primera División title and Rivaldo became the fourth Barça player to be awarded European Footballer of the Year. Despite this domestic success, the failure to emulate Real Madrid in the UEFA Champions League led to van Gaal and Núñez resigning in 2000.

[edit] Gaspart's decline period (2000–2003)
The departures of Núñez and van Gaal were nothing compared to that of Luís Figo. As well as club vice-captain, Figo had become a cult hero and was considered by Catalans to be one of their own. However, Barça fans were distraught by Figo’s decision to join arch-rivals Real Madrid and during subsequent visits to the Camp Nou. Figo was given an extremely hostile reception, including one occasion, when a piglet's head was thrown at him from the crowd. The next three years saw the club in decline and managers came and went, including a short second spell by Louis van Gaal. President Gaspart did not inspire confidence off the field either and in 2003, he and van Gaal resigned.

[edit] Return on success (2003–2008)

Victorious Barça players collect their winners medals after beating Arsenal in the 2006 Champions League Final.
After the disappointment of the Gaspart era, the combination of a new young president Joan Laporta and a young new manager, former Dutch and Milan star Frank Rijkaard, saw the club bounce back. On the field, an influx international players, including Ronaldinho, Deco, Henrik Larsson, Ludovic Giuly, Samuel Eto'o and Rafael Márquez, combined with a nucleus of home grown and Spanish players such as Carles Puyol, Andrés Iniesta, Xavi, and Víctor Valdés led to the club's return to success.
Barça won La Liga and the Supercopa de España in 2004–05, and stars Ronaldinho and Eto'o were voted first and third in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards.
In the 2005–06 season, Barcelona repeated their league and Supercup successes. The pinnacle of the league season arrived at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in a 3–0 victory over Real Madrid, Frank Rijkaard's second victory at the Bernabeu, making him the first Barça manager to win there twice. Ronaldinho's performance was so impressive that after his second, and Barça's third goal the Real Madrid fans felt compelled to applaud him. In the Champions' League, Barça beat English club Arsenal 2–1 in the final. Trailing 1–0 to a 10-man Arsenal and with less than 15 minutes left they came back to win 2–1, with substitute Henrik Larsson, in his final appearance for the club, setting up goals for Samuel Eto'o and fellow substitute Juliano Belletti, for the club's first European Cup victory in 14 years.
Despite being the favourites and starting strongly, Barcelona finished the 2006–07 season trophyless. A pre-season US tour was later blamed for a string of injuries to key players, including leading scorer Eto'o and rising star Lionel Messi. There was open feuding as Eto'o publicly criticized coach Frank Rijkaard and Ronaldinho. Ronaldinho also admitted that lack of fitness affected his form.[9] In La Liga, Barça were in first place for much of the season, but inconsistency in the New Year saw Real Madrid overtake them to become champions. Barça advanced to the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, winning the first leg against Getafe 5–2, with a goal from Lionel Messi, bringing comparison to Diego Maradona, but then lost the second leg 4–0. They took part in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup, but were beaten by a late goal in the final against Brazilian sides Internacional. In the Champions League, Barça were knocked out of the competition in the last 16 by eventual runners-up Liverpool on away goals.
Barcelona finished 2007–08 season third in La Liga and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Champions League and Copa del Rey, both times losing to the eventual champions: Manchester United and Valencia, respectively. A day after a 4–1 defeat by Real Madrid, Joan Laporta announced that Barça B coach Josep Guardiola would take over Frank Rijkaard's duties after June 30.[10]

[edit] Guardiola as coach (2008–present)
In the pre-season of 2008–09, a motion of no confidence was raised against Joan Laporta. The no confidence motion received 60% support, just short of the 66% required to oust the president, and eight of his directors resigned. Laporta, with the assistance of Director of Football Txiki Begiristain, decided to appoint the legendary former midfielder Josep Guardiola new manager, also responded with a turnover of players, selling Gianluca Zambrotta, Deco, Edmílson and Ronaldinho. Nearly €90 million was spent rebuilding the squad, with Begiristain and Laporta purchasing Seydou Keita, Gerard Piqué, Martín Cáceres, Dani Alves and Aliaksandr Hleb. Despite this, the club retained its home-grown nucleus of players, such as captain Carles Puyol, Xavi, Andrés Iniesta, Víctor Valdés and Lionel Messi.
On 17 January, 2009, Barça set the record for amassing the highest points total for the first half of a season in La Liga, attaining 50 points out of a possible 57, with 18 wins, 2 draws, and just 1 loss against CD Numancia in the first game of the season. The club also reached the Copa del Rey final for the first time since 1998 after defeating RCD Mallorca in the semi-finals. Six days later on 23 January, the International organisation IFFHS ranked Barça first in their list of the greatest football clubs of the last 18 years. The All-time Club World Ranking was determined by taking into account all the results of the national championships, the national cup competitions, the club competitions of the six continental confederations and the FIFA.
On 14 April, Barcelona qualified for the semi-finals of the Champions League for the second year running after defeating Bayern Munich 5-1 on aggregate over two legs and faced Chelsea in the semi-finals. Their first leg against Chelsea resulted in a disappointing scoreless draw at home. Following the game, they faced Real Madrid in El Clásico, which they won 6–2, the most goals ever scored in El Clásico by Barcelona and the biggest margin of victory for Barça since the 70s, when Johan Cruyff led Barça to win 5–0. On 6 May, 2009, immediately after the historic victory over their biggest rivals, Barcelona played against Chelsea in the second leg of the Champions League semi-finals. Chelsea led the game at Stamford Bridge 1–0 from the 8th minute, until injury time, where Andrés Iniesta scored the winning equaliser in the 93rd minute from the edge of the penalty area, sending Barcelona through to the final on away goals.
On 13 May, Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4-1 at the Mestalla to win the Copa del Rey for an impressive 25th time.
Barça will face defending champions Manchester United at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome on 27 May, 2009 for a chance to win their third UEFA Champions League title.

[edit] Rivalries

[edit] El Clásico
For more details on this topic, see El Clásico.
There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barça and Real Madrid is known as El Clásico. From the start, the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities themselves. The rivalry projects what many regard as the political and other tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians.
During the dictatorships of Primo de Rivera and (especially) of Francisco Franco (1939–1975), all regional cultures were openly suppressed (e.g., all the languages spoken in Spanish territory except Spanish itself were officially banned). Symbolising Catalan people's desire for freedom, Barça became more than a club (més que un club) for it and one of its greatest ambassadors. According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, Catalans' best way of demonstrating their identity was by joining Barça. It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement and allowed them to express their dissidence.
On the contrary, Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond (Santiago Bernabeu, the former club president for whom the Merengues' stadium is named, fought with 'los nacionales').[11][12] However, during the Spanish Civil War, members of both clubs like Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra suffered at the hands of Franco supporters.
During the 1950s, the rivalry was exacerbated significantly when the clubs disputed the signing of Alfredo di Stéfano, who finally played for Real Madrid and was key in the subsequent success achieved by the club. The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice at the knock-out stages of the European Cup.
Nowadays, the rivalry is renewed on an almost annual basis with both teams often challenging each other for the league championship. The latest Clásico was played in the Santiago Bernabéu on 2 May, 2009 and ended with a 2–6 win for Barça, with two goals each from Thierry Henry and Lionel Messi, as well as goals from Carles Puyol and Gerard Piqué.

[edit] El Derbi Barceloní
For more details on this topic, see El derbi barcelones.
Barça's 'internal' rival has always been Reial Club Deportiu Espanyol. 'Blanc-i-blaus', being one of the clubs granted royal patronage, were founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of Barça's primary board. Their original ground was in the well-off district of Franco regime, RCD Espanyol was seen by the majority of Barcelona's citizens as a club which cultivated a kind of compliance to the central authority, in stark contrast to Barça's revolutionary spirit.[13] Despite this background the derbi has always been much more relevant to Espanyol supporters than Barcelona ones due to the difference in objectives.
Although it is the most played local derby in the history of La Liga it is also the least balanced of them all, with Barcelona being overwhelmingly dominating. In the league table, Espanyol have only managed to end above Barça on three occasions in almost seventy years and even the only all-Catalan Copa del Rey Final in 1957 was won by Barça. Espanyol only has the consolation of achieving the largest margin win with a 6–0 in 1951. The latest Derbi Barceloní ended in a 2–1 win for Espanyol - incidentally this was the first time in the history of La Liga that a side bottom of the standings had beaten a team at the top of the league.[14]

[edit] Sponsorship
Barça have an attitude to shirt sponsorship that is historically noteworthy. They have continuously refused to advertise corporate sponsors on the shirt since the club's founding. On 14 July 2006, the club announced a five year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement will see Barça donating US$1.9 million per year to UNICEF (0.7 per cent of its ordinary income) to the FC Barcelona Foundation, and rejecting significant money offers to be the first shirt sponsor of the football team.
The club has done this in order to set up international cooperation programmes for development, supports the UN Millennium Development Goals and has made a commitment to UNICEF’s humanitarian aid programs through the donation of one and a half million euro for the next five years.
Companies that Barça currently has sponsorship deals with include:[15]
Nike - Official sponsors
Coca-Cola - Official sponsors
TV3 - Official sponsors
Audi - Official sponsors
Estrella Damm - Official sponsors
La Caixa - Official sponsors
bwin - Official Betting Partner
Acer - Official provider
MediaPro - Official provider
NH Hoteles - Official provider
Vueling - Official provider
Babybel - Official provider

[edit] Shirt sponsors and manufacturers
Period
Kit manufacturer
Shirt partner
1982–1992
Meyba
None
1992–1998
Kappa
1998-2006
Nike
2006-Present
UNICEF

[edit] Stadium Information

Camp Nou stadium
Name - Camp Nou
City - Barcelona
Capacity - 98,772
Other Facilities:
Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper (FC Barcelona's training ground)
La Masia (Residence of young players)
Mini Estadi
Palau Blaugrana (FC Barcelona indoor sports arena)
Palau Blaugrana 2 (Secondary indoor arena of FC Barcelona)
Palau de Gel

[edit] Honours
Main article: FC Barcelona in Europe

[edit] Domestic competitions
La Liga
Winners (18 + 1): 1929, 1937,[16] 1945, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1959, 1960, 1974, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1998, 1999, 2005, 2006
Copa del Rey (record)
Winners (25): 1910, 1912, 1913, 1920, 1922, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1942, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1988, 1990, 1997, 1998, 2009
Supercopa de España
Winners (7): 1983, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2005, 2006
Copa de la Liga (record)
Winners (2): 1983, 1986

[edit] Major international competitions

Barcelona fans celebrating victory in the Champions League
European Champion Clubs' Cup / UEFA Champions League
Winners (2): 1992, 2006
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (record)
Winners (4): 1979, 1982, 1989, 1997
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (the forerunner to the UEFA Cup) (record)
Winners (3): 1958, 1960, 1966
European Super Cup
Winners (2): 1992, 1997

[edit] Other national and international trophies
Latin Cup (record)
Winners (2): 1949, 1952
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Trophy Play-Off
Winners (1): 1971
Campionat de Catalunya (record)
Copa Macaya (1) : 1902
Copa Barcelona (1) : 1903
Campionat de Catalunya (22) : 1905, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1916, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1936, 1938
Lliga catalana (1) : 1938
Catalan Cup (record)
Winners (6) : 1990-91, 1992-93, 1999-00, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2006-07
Joan Gamper Cup (record)
Winners (33) : 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977,1979,1980, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,2006, 2007, 2008
Small World Cup
Winners (1): 1957
[17][18]

[edit] Statistics and records
Main article: FC Barcelona statistics
Migueli presently holds both records for number of total and Liga appearances for Barcelona with a total of 548 games played in total, and 391 in La Liga. Most recently, Xavi, vice-captain of the club, reached 470 games for the club.
Barcelona's all time top goalscorer is César Rodríguez, a Spaniard, who has scored 235 goals in all official matches. Ladislao Kubala is in second place with 196 goals for the club. The highest scoring present squad member is Samuel Eto'o who has scored 126 goals.
As of 2 February 2009, Barcelona have reached a total of 5000 La Liga goals. The goal was converted by Lionel Messi in the game against Racing Santander, which Barça won 1-2.

[edit] Recent seasons
See also: FC Barcelona seasons
Season
Div.
Pos.
Pl.
W
D
L
GS
GA
P
Cup[19]
Europe
Other Competitions
Manager
2003-04
1D
2
38
21
9
8
63
39
72
Quarter-Final
UC
Fourth round
Frank Rijkaard
2004-05
1D
1
38
25
9
4
73
29
84
Second round
UCL
Last 16
Frank Rijkaard
2005-06
1D
1
38
25
7
6
80
35
82
Quarter-Final
UCL
Winner
SSC
Frank Rijkaard
2006-07
1D
2
38
22
10
6
78
33
76
Semi-final
UCL
Last 16
SSC
ESC
CWC
Frank Rijkaard
2007-08
1D
3
38
19
10
9
76
43
67
Semi-final
UCL
Semi-final
Frank Rijkaard
2008-09
1D
35
27
5
3
103
31
86
Winner
UCL
Josep Guardiola
Last updated: 13 May 2009Div. = Division; D1 = First Division; Pos. = Position; Pl = Match played; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Lost; GS = Goal Scored; GA = Goal Against; P = PointsUCL = UEFA Champions League; UC = UEFA Cup; ESC = UEFA Super Cup; SSC = Supercopa de España; CWC = FIFA Club World Cup; Cup = Copa del ReyColors: Gold = winner; Silver = runner-up; Cyan = ongoing

[edit] Players
See also: FC Barcelona season 2008-09#Squad information
Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship. The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country. Also, players from the ACP countries—countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement—are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling.
As of 10 January 2009.[20][21][22]

[edit] Current squad
No.
Position
Player
1

GK
Víctor Valdés (2º vice-captain)
2

DF
Martín Cáceres
3

DF
Gerard Piqué
4

DF
Rafael Márquez
5

DF
Carles Puyol (captain)
6

MF
Xavi (1º vice-captain)
7

MF
Eiður Guðjohnsen
8

MF
Andrés Iniesta (3º vice-captain)
9

FW
Samuel Eto'o
10

FW
Lionel Messi
11

FW
Bojan Krkić
13

GK
José Manuel Pinto
No.
Position
Player
14

FW
Thierry Henry
15

MF
Seydou Keita
16

DF
Sylvinho
18

DF
Gabriel Milito
20

DF
Dani Alves
21

FW
Aliaksandr Hleb
22

DF
Éric Abidal
24

MF
Yaya Touré
25

GK
Albert Jorquera
27

FW
Pedro Rodríguez
28

MF
Sergio Busquets
29

DF
Víctor Sánchez

[edit] From the youth system
No.
Position
Player
26

GK
Oier Olazábal
30

MF
Víctor Vázquez
31

FW
Jeffrén Suárez
32

GK
Rubén Miño
No.
Position
Player
33

DF
David Córcoles
34

MF
Xavi Torres
35

MF
Abraham González
36

DF
Alberto Botía

[edit] Out on loan
No.
Position
Player
—

DF
Henrique (at Bayer Leverkusen)

[edit] Personnel

[edit] Current Technical Staff
Position
Name
Manager
Josep Guardiola
Assistant Coach
Tito Vilanova
Goalkeeping Coach
Juan Carlos Unzué
Physical fitness coach
Lorenzo Buenaventura
Director of Football
Txiki Begiristain
Academy Director
José Ramón Alexanko
Head Coach Reserve Team
Luis Enrique

[edit] Current Board of Directors

Joan Laporta
Office
Name
President
Joan Laporta
Vice-president, head of social area and spokesperson
Alfons Godall
Vice president for marketing and media
Jaume Ferrer
Vice president for finance and treasurer
Joan Boix
Vice president institutional and assets administration
Joan Franquesa
Vice president for sports
Rafael Yuste
Secretary
Josep Cubells

[edit] Former personnel

[edit] Selected former presidents
see also Cat:FC Barcelona presidents
Below is the official presidential history of Barcelona, from when Walter Wild took over at the club in 1899, until the present day.[23]

Name
Years
Walter Wild
1899–1901
Bartomeu Terradas
1901–1902
Paul Haas
1902–1903
Arthur Witty
1903–1905
Josep Soler
1905–1906
Juli Marial
1906–1908
Vicenç Reig
1908
Joan Gamper
1908-1909
Otto Gmeling
1909–1910
Joan Gamper
1910–1913
Francesc de Moxó
1913–1914
Àlvar Presta
1914
Joaquim Peris de Vargas
1914–1915
Rafael Llopart
1915–1916
Gaspar Rosés
1916–1917
Joan Gamper
1917–1919
Ricard Graells
1919–1920
Gaspar Rosés
1920–1921

Name
Years
Joan Gamper
1921–1923
Eric Cardona
1923–1924
Joan Gamper
1921–1923
Eric Cardona
1923–1924
Gaspar Rosés
1920–1921
Joan Gamper
1921–1923
Eric Cardona
1923–1924
Joan Gamper
1924–1925
Arcadi Balaguer
1925–1929
Tomás Rosés
1929–1930
Gaspar Rosés
1930–1931
Antoni Oliver
1931
Joan Coma
1931–1934
Esteve Sala
1934–1935
Josep Sunyol
1935-1936
Managing Commission[24]
1936-1939
Joan Soler
1939-1940
Enrique Piñeyro
1940-1942

Name
Years
Josep Vidal-Ribas
1942
Enrique Piñeyro
1942-1943
Josep Antoni de Albert
1943
Josep Vendrell
1943–1946
Agustí Montal Galobart
1946–1952
Enric Martí Carreto
1952–1953
Francesc Miró-Sans
1953–1961
Enric Llaudet
1961–1968
Narcís de Carreras
1968–1969
Agustí Montal Costa
1969–1977
Raimon Carrasco
1977–1978
Josep Lluís Núñez
1978–2000
Joan Gaspart
2000–2003
Enric Reyna
2003
Managing Commission[25]
2003
Joan Laporta
2003-2006
Managing Commission[26]
2006
Joan Laporta
2006-present

[edit] Notable managers
See also List of FC Barcelona managers
The following managers have all won at least one trophy when in charge or have been notable for Barça in the context of the League, for example Johan Cruyff who holds a League record.
Name
Period
Trophies
Total
Domestic
International
LC
SC
SS
LC
CL
UC
UCWC
ICFC
USC

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[show]
v • d • eLa Liga · 2008–09 clubs
Almería · Athletic Bilbao · Atlético Madrid · Barcelona · Real Betis · Deportivo · Espanyol · Getafe · Málaga · Mallorca · Numancia · Osasuna · Racing Santander · Real Madrid · Recreativo Huelva · Sevilla · Sporting Gijón · Valencia · Real Valladolid · Villarreal

[show]
v • d • eUEFA Champions League 2008–09
← 2007–08 · 2009–10 →
Finalists
Barcelona · Manchester United
Eliminated in Semi-finals
Arsenal · Chelsea
Eliminated in Quarter-finals
Bayern Munich · Liverpool · Porto · Villarreal
Eliminated in first knockout round
Atlético Madrid · Internazionale · Juventus · Lyon · Panathinaikos · Real Madrid · Roma · Sporting CP
Eliminated in group stage
AaB · Anorthosis · Basel · BATE · Bordeaux · Celtic · CFR Cluj · Dynamo Kyiv · Fenerbahçe · Fiorentina · Marseille · PSV Eindhoven · Shakhtar Donetsk · Steaua · Werder Bremen · Zenit St. Petersburg
Round and draw dates · Qualifying rounds · Group stage · Knockout stage · Final
[show]
v • d • eFounding members of the ECA